"The human skull is just one centimetre thick, about the same thickness as a ballpoint pen," says Amy Zierler, information specialist at Safe Kids Canada. "It can be shattered by an impact of seven to 10 kilometres an hour." Young cyclists ride at speeds averaging 11 to 16 kilometres an hour. If a crash happens, a correctly worn helmet cuts the risk of injury by as much as 88 per cent.

Even mild head injuries can cause long-term problems. Children with mild head injuries usually have trouble with their memory, concentration, and paying attention. This makes learning difficult. They may also have headaches, dizzy spells, and fatigue. For one in ten children, these difficulties may last a lifetime.

"Human skulls weren't designed for impact at high speeds," says Ms Zierler. "Any time you are moving faster than you can run, wear a helmet."

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